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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Very Small Array</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The VSA ground shields</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, <a href="Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, international waters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:28.30064,-16.51028"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°18′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°30′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.30064°N 16.51028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.30064; -16.51028</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cavendish_Astrophysics_Group" title="Cavendish Astrophysics Group">Cavendish Astrophysics Group</a><br><a href="Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias">Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias</a><br><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a><br><a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500 m (8,200 ft) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.83 cm (36 GHz)–1.2 cm (25 GHz)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/tech/technology/vsa.html">www<wbr>.jb<wbr>.man<wbr>.ac<wbr>.uk<wbr>/tech<wbr>/technology<wbr>/vsa<wbr>.html</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.189%;left:35.221%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Very Small Array"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Very Small Array</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Very_Small_Array" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Very Small Array">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Very Small Array</b> (<b>VSA</b>) was a 14-element <a href="Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometric</a> radio telescope operating between 26 and 36 GHz that is used to study the <a href="Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>. It was a collaboration between the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> and the <a href="Instituto_de_Astrofisica_de_Canarias" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias">Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias</a> (<a href="Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>), and was located at the <a href="Observatorio_del_Teide" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatorio del Teide">Observatorio del Teide</a> on <a href="Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>. The array was built at the <a href="Mullard_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory">Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> by the <a href="Cavendish_Astrophysics_Group" title="Cavendish Astrophysics Group">Cavendish Astrophysics Group</a> and <a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a>, and was funded by <a href="PPARC" class="mw-redirect" title="PPARC">PPARC</a> (now <a href="Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">STFC</a>). The design was strongly based on the <a href="Cosmic_Anisotropy_Telescope" title="Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope">Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The telescope was comparable in terms of capabilities to several other CMB experiments, including the balloon-based <a href="BOOMERanG" class="mw-redirect" title="BOOMERanG">BOOMERanG</a> and <a href="Millimeter_Anisotropy_eXperiment_IMaging_Array" title="Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array">MAXIMA</a>, and the ground-based <a href="Degree_Angular_Scale_Interferometer" title="Degree Angular Scale Interferometer">DASI</a> and <a href="Cosmic_Background_Imager" title="Cosmic Background Imager">CBI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The telescope consists of 14 elements (yielding 91 baselines), each of which have a horn reflector antenna focusing astrophysical signals into individual receivers (pseudomorphic <a href="HFET" class="mw-redirect" title="HFET">HFET</a> amplifiers, with a system temperature around 25 K and a physical temperature of 12 K,<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on an <a href="NRAO" class="mw-redirect" title="NRAO">NRAO</a> design).<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo_dev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separate elements are combined using a correlator to form an <a href="Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">aperture synthesis</a> array.<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo_dev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elements are mounted on a tip-table, which is capable of tracking the sky and can tilt up to 35 degrees from the zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The telescope has been used in three different configurations – "compact", "extended" and "super-extended", each of which differ in the separation distance between the elements (the difference between compact and extended is a factor of 2.25), and the size of the antennas.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the compact array has antennas 143<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm in diameter, the extended array uses 322<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm diameter antennas.<sup id="cite_ref-grainge_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the compact array has a primary beam of 4.5 degrees, and a resolution of 30 arcminutes (multipoles between 100 and 800), while the extended array has a primary beam of 2 degrees, a resolution of 12 arcminutes and can hence observe multipoles between 250 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_techspecs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo_techspecs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extended array is also a factor of 5 more sensitive than the compact array.<sup id="cite_ref-grainge_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The super-extended array will be able to measure multipoles up to 3000,<sup id="cite_ref-dickinson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has 550<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm antenna mirrors. The front-end amplifiers were also upgraded.<sup id="cite_ref-cleary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The telescope can be tuned to frequencies between 26 and 36 GHz, with 1.5 GHz bandwidth, meaning that the telescope can carry out observations at different frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It also includes two 3.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>m radio telescopes, also working at 30 GHz,<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_sources_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo_sources-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are dedicated to monitoring foreground sources.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These source subtraction dishes were upgraded to more accurate ones following the first series of observations, to allow the monitoring of much weaker sources than previously.<sup id="cite_ref-grainge_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Both the source subtractor dishes, and the VSA itself, are surrounded by large metal ground shields.<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As the VSA is an <a href="Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a>, it directly measures the angular power spectrum of the CMB, rather than having to construct a map of the sky first.<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scott_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div>

<p>The fields observed with the VSA were chosen to minimize the amount of bright radio sources and large clusters in the field (the latter to avoid the <a href="Sunyaev-Zel'dovich_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect</a>), as well as to avoid contamination by emission from <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">our galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dickinson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radio point sources present in the VSA fields were observed with the <a href="Ryle_Telescope" title="Ryle Telescope">Ryle Telescope</a> at 15 GHz, then monitored by the VSA source subtracters during the VSA observations.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the compact array configuration, the telescope observed three 7×7 degree areas of the sky to high precision<sup id="cite_ref-cam_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an observing session between August 2000 and August 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-maisinger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maisinger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These observations were taken at the highest frequency of the telescope, centered at 34 GHz, to reduce foreground contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, larger area of the sky was also observed, but less precisely.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data from these observations were reduced independently at all three involved institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbo_dev-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results from these observations were published in a series of four papers in 2003; those by Watson et al., Taylor et al., Scott et al. and Rubino-Martin et al. (see References below). The key results were the power spectra of the <a href="Cosmic_Microwave_Background" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Microwave Background">Cosmic Microwave Background</a> between multipoles of 150 and 900,<sup id="cite_ref-scott_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the resulting limits on <a href="Lambda-CDM_model#Parameters" title="Lambda-CDM model">cosmological parameters</a> when combined with data from observations from other experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-rubino_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubino-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The second observing session ran between September 2001<sup id="cite_ref-maisinger_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maisinger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and July 2003, and was using the extended array.<sup id="cite_ref-vsaextendedobs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsaextendedobs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first results from the extended array were published as a Letter in 2003, simultaneously with the first four publications, using data taken up until April 2002. The sections of the sky observed were located within the previously-observed fields, with the measurements being both more accurate and in greater detail. The result was an improved power spectrum of the CMB, going out to a multipole of 1400,<sup id="cite_ref-grainge_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refined cosmological parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-slosar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slosar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second set of results were published in 2004, and consisted of the original observations plus more observations taken in the same regions of the sky, as well as observations in three new regions. This yielded measurements of the CMB power spectra out to l of 1500 much more accurately than previously,<sup id="cite_ref-dickinson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more accurate cosmological parameter estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-rebolo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebolo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Observations with the VSA continued until the end of August 2008, using the Super-Extended configuration. Also, the Ryle Telescope has been upgraded to detect lower flux point sources, and the OCRA receiver on a telescope in Poland will be used to more accurately subtract the point sources.<sup id="cite_ref-cleary_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td colspan="3">The Very Small Array's measurements of the <a href="Cosmic_Microwave_Background" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Microwave Background">CMB</a> power spectra. From left to right: from first observations,<sup id="cite_ref-scott_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first results from the second observing session<sup id="cite_ref-grainge_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final results from the second observing session.<sup id="cite_ref-dickinson_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickinson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/telescopes/vsa/">"University of Cambridge webpage on the VSA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-watson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, R. A.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06338.x">"First results from the Very Small Array I: Observational Methods"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1057–</span>1065. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205378">astro-ph/0205378</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341.1057W">2003MNRAS.341.1057W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06338.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06338.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17592336">17592336</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-jbo_dev-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbo_dev_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/tech/technology/vsa.html">"Jodrell Bank Observatory - VSA Receivers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-grainge-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainge_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrainge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grainge, Keith; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06563.x">"The CMB Power Spectrum out to l = 1400 measured by the VSA"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">L23 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L28</span>. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212495">astro-ph/0212495</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341L..23G">2003MNRAS.341L..23G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06563.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06563.x</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-jbo_techspecs-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jbo_techspecs_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/cmb/vsa/VSA_Technical_Specs.html">"Technical specifications of the VSA"</a>. <a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-dickinson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dickinson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickinson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickinson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickinson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickinson_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, Clive; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08206.x">"High sensitivity measurements of the CMB power spectrum with the extended Very Small Array"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>353</b> (3): 732. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402498">astro-ph/0402498</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.353..732D">2004MNRAS.353..732D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08206.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08206.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2806871">2806871</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-cleary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cleary_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleary_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClearyTaylorWaldramBattye2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cleary, Kieran; Taylor, Angela C.; Waldram, Elizabeth; Battye, Richard A.; Dickinson, Clive; Davies, Rod D.; Davis, Richard J.; Genova-Santos, Ricardo; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09037.x">"Source subtraction for the extended Very Small Array and 33-GHz source count estimates"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>360</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>353. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412605">astro-ph/0412605</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.360..340C">2005MNRAS.360..340C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09037.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09037.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10370174">10370174</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-taylor-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Angela C.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06493.x">"First Results From The Very Small Array II: Observations of the CMB"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1066–</span>1075. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205381">astro-ph/0205381</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341.1066T">2003MNRAS.341.1066T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06493.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06493.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15605923">15605923</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-jbo_sources-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jbo_sources_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/cmb/vsa/VSA_source_Subtractors.html">"VSA Source Subtractors"</a>. <a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-scott-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScott2003" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, P. F.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06354.x">"First results from the Very Small Array III: The CMB Power Spectrum"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1076–</span>1083. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205380">astro-ph/0205380</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341.1076S">2003MNRAS.341.1076S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06354.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06354.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119088948">119088948</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-maisinger-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maisinger_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maisinger_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaisingerHobsonSaundersGrainge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maisinger, Klaus; Hobson, M. P.; Saunders, Richard D. E.; Grainge, Keith J. B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06995.x">"Maximum-likelihood astrometric geometry calibration of interferometric telescopes: application to the Very Small Array"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i> (abstract). <b>345</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">800–</span>808. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212210">astro-ph/0212210</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.345..800M">2003MNRAS.345..800M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06995.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06995.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11987021">11987021</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-rubino-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubino_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRubino-Martin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rubino-Martin, J. A.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06494.x">"First results from the Very Small Array IV: Cosmological Parameter Estimation"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1084–</span>1092. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0205367">astro-ph/0205367</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341.1084R">2003MNRAS.341.1084R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06494.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06494.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18192370">18192370</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-vsaextendedobs-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vsaextendedobs_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/cmb/vsa/vsa_results.html">"VSA Extended Array Power Spectrum Data"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-slosar-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slosar_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSlosar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Slosar, Anze; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06564.x">"Cosmological Parameter Estimation and Bayesian model comparison using VSA data"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>341</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">L29 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L34</span>. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212497">astro-ph/0212497</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MNRAS.341L..29S">2003MNRAS.341L..29S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2003.06564.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06564.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12420402">12420402</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-rebolo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rebolo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRebolo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rebolo, Rafael; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08102.x">"Cosmological parameter estimation using Very Small Array data out to l=1500"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>353</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">747–</span>759. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402466">astro-ph/0402466</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.353..747R">2004MNRAS.353..747R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.08102.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08102.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13971059">13971059</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSavageBattyeCarreiraCleary2004" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, Richard; Battye, Richard A.; Carreira, Pedro; Cleary, Kieran; Davies, Rod D.; Davis, Richard J.; Dickinson, Clive; Genova-Santos, Ricardo; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07578.x">"Searching for non-Gaussianity in the Very Small Array data"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>349</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">973–</span>982. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0308266">astro-ph/0308266</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.349..973S">2004MNRAS.349..973S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07578.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07578.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877915">16877915</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Sarah; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07885.x">"Estimating the bispectrum of the Very Small Array data"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>352</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">887–</span>902. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401618">astro-ph/0401618</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.352..887S">2004MNRAS.352..887S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07885.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07885.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14172358">14172358</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLancasterGenova-SantosFalconGrainge2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lancaster, Katy; Genova-Santos, Ricardo; Falcon, Nelson; Grainge, Keith; Gutierrez, Carlos; Kneissl, Rudiger; Marshall, Phil; Pooley, Guy; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.08696.x">"Very Small Array observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in nearby galaxy clusters"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>359</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>30. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0405582">astro-ph/0405582</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.359...16L">2005MNRAS.359...16L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.08696.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08696.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14038645">14038645</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGénova-Santos2005" class="citation journal cs1">Génova-Santos, Ricardo; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09405.x">"A Very Small Array search for the extended Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the Corona Borealis supercluster"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>363</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>92. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0507285">astro-ph/0507285</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.363...79G">2005MNRAS.363...79G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09405.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09405.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16018448">16018448</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRajguru2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rajguru, Nutan; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/182789/1/182789.pdf">"Cosmic microwave background observations from the Cosmic Background Imager and Very Small Array: a comparison of coincident maps and parameter estimation methods"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>363</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1125–</span>1135. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502330">astro-ph/0502330</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNRAS.363.1125R">2005MNRAS.363.1125R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.09519.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09519.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118112483">118112483</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRubiño-MartínAliagaBarreiroBattye2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rubiño-Martín, José Alberto; Aliaga, Antonio M.; Barreiro, R. B.; Battye, Richard A.; Carreira, Pedro; Cleary, Kieran; Davies, Rod D.; Davis, Richard J.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10341.x">"Non-Gaussianity in the Very Small Array cosmic microwave background maps with smooth goodness-of-fit tests"</a>. <i><a href="MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a></i>. <b>369</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">909–</span>920. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604070">astro-ph/0604070</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.369..909R">2006MNRAS.369..909R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10341.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10341.x</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55713539">55713539</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation_(CMB)310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of CMB radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_cosmic_microwave_background_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy">Timeline of CMB astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cosmic_variance" title="Cosmic variance">Cosmic variance</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffusion_damping" title="Diffusion damping">Diffusion damping</a></li>

<li><a href="Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">Recombination</a></li>

<li><a href="Sachs%E2%80%93Wolfe_effect" title="Sachs–Wolfe effect">Sachs–Wolfe effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect" title="Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect">Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomson_scattering" title="Thomson scattering">Thomson scattering</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.3em;font-size:smaller;">4-year <a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> image (2018) of the <a href="Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">CMB</a>.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_cosmic_microwave_background_experiments" title="List of cosmic microwave background experiments">Experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></i></li>

<li><a href="RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balloon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archeops" title="Archeops">Archeops</a></li>

<li><a href="ARCADE" title="ARCADE">ARCADE</a></li>

<li><a href="BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li>

<li>LSPE/SWIPE</li>

<li><a href="Millimeter_Anisotropy_eXperiment_IMaging_Array" title="Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array">MAXIMA</a></li>

<li><a href="Spider_(polarimeter)" title="Spider (polarimeter)">Spider</a></li>

<li><a href="TopHat_(telescope)" title="TopHat (telescope)">TopHat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arcminute_Cosmology_Bolometer_Array_Receiver" title="Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver">ACBAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Atacama_Cosmology_Telescope" title="Atacama Cosmology Telescope">Atacama Cosmology Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcminute_Microkelvin_Imager" title="Arcminute Microkelvin Imager">Arcminute Microkelvin Imager</a></li>

<li><a href="AMiBA" title="AMiBA">AMiBA</a></li>

<li><a href="BICEP_and_Keck_Array" title="BICEP and Keck Array">BICEP (1,2,3,Array)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Anisotropy_Polarization_Mapper" title="Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper">CAPMAP</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Anisotropy_Telescope" title="Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope">Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Background_Imager" title="Cosmic Background Imager">Cosmic Background Imager</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmology_Large_Angular_Scale_Surveyor" title="Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor">CLASS</a></li>

<li><a href="COSMOSOMAS" title="COSMOSOMAS">COSMOSOMAS</a></li>

<li><a href="GroundBIRD" title="GroundBIRD">GroundBIRD</a></li>

<li><a href="BICEP_and_Keck_Array" title="BICEP and Keck Array">Keck Array</a></li>

<li>LSPE/STRIP</li>

<li><a href="Mobile_Anisotropy_Telescope" title="Mobile Anisotropy Telescope">Mobile Anisotropy Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="POLARBEAR" title="POLARBEAR">POLARBEAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Qubic_experiment" title="Qubic experiment">QUBIC</a></li>

<li><a href="QUIET" title="QUIET">QUIET</a></li>

<li><a href="QUIJOTE_Experiment" title="QUIJOTE Experiment">QUIJOTE</a></li>

<li><a href="Saskatoon_experiment" title="Saskatoon experiment">Saskatoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Simons_Observatory" title="Simons Observatory">Simons Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenerife_Experiment" title="Tenerife Experiment">Tenerife</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Timeline of Jodrell Bank Observatory">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Centre_for_Astrophysics" title="Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics">Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BINGO_(telescope)" title="BINGO (telescope)">BINGO</a></li>

<li><a href="Lovell_Telescope" title="Lovell Telescope">Lovell Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="MERLIN" title="MERLIN">MERLIN</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenerife_Experiment" title="Tenerife Experiment">Tenerife Experiment</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Graham-Smith" title="Francis Graham-Smith">Francis Graham-Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Rod_Davies" title="Rod Davies">Rod Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Lyne" title="Andrew Lyne">Andrew Lyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Phil_Diamond" title="Phil Diamond">Phil Diamond</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Garrett_(astronomer)" title="Michael Garrett (astronomer)">Michael Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Husband" title="Charles Husband">Charles Husband</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Richard_Battye" title="Richard Battye">Richard Battye</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hanbury_Brown" title="Robert Hanbury Brown">Robert Hanbury Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Clifton_Jennison" title="Roger Clifton Jennison">Roger Clifton Jennison</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Bridle" title="Sarah Bridle">Sarah Bridle</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Davis_(astronomer)" title="Richard Davis (astronomer)">Richard Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Morison" title="Ian Morison">Ian Morison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_John_O'Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy John O'Brien">Tim O'Brien</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Scaife" title="Anna Scaife">Anna Scaife</a></li>

<li><a href="Dennis_Walsh" title="Dennis Walsh">Dennis Walsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Jodcast" title="The Jodcast">The Jodcast</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_astronomy459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_astronomy459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Units (<a href="Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> and <a href="Jansky" title="Jansky">jansky</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">Radio telescope</a> (<a href="Radio_window" title="Radio window">Radio window</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">Astronomical interferometer</a> (<a href="Astronomical_interferometer#History" title="Astronomical interferometer">History</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very Long Baseline Interferometry</a> (VLBI)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">Astronomical radio source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Radio telescopes<br>(<a href="List_of_radio_telescopes" title="List of radio telescopes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Individual<br>telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope" title="Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope">500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope</a> (FAST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">China</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Telescope" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Puerto Rico, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Caltech_Submillimeter_Observatory" title="Caltech Submillimeter Observatory">Caltech Submillimeter Observatory</a> (CSO, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Germany)</span></li>

<li><a href="Galenki_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Galenki RT-70 radio telescope">Galenki RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Russia)</span></li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Telescope" title="Green Bank Telescope">Green Bank Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(West Virginia, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mexico)</span></li>

<li><a href="Lovell_Telescope" title="Lovell Telescope">Lovell Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Ooty_Radio_Telescope" title="Ooty Radio Telescope">Ooty Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(India)</span></li>

<li><a href="Qitai_Radio_Telescope" title="Qitai Radio Telescope">Qitai Radio Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(China)</span></li>

<li><a href="RATAN-600" title="RATAN-600">RATAN-600 Radio Telescope</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Sardinia_Radio_Telescope" title="Sardinia Radio Telescope">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Italy)</span></li>

<li><a href="Suffa_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Suffa RT-70 radio telescope">Suffa RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Uzbekistan)</span></li>

<li><a href="Usuda_Deep_Space_Center" title="Usuda Deep Space Center">Usuda Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Japan)</span></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_T-shaped_Radio_telescope%2C_second_modification" title="Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification">UTR-2 decameter radio telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ukraine)</span></li>

<li><a href="Yevpatoria_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope">Yevpatoria RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ukraine)</span></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold">Southern Hemisphere</span></dt>

<dd><a href="Hartebeesthoek_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory">HartRAO</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(South Africa)</span></dd>

<dd><a href="Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Australia)</span></dd>

<dd><a href="Warkworth_Radio_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory">Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(NZ)</span></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Interferometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a> (ATA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">California, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Chile</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Australia_Telescope_Compact_Array" title="Australia Telescope Compact Array">Australia Telescope Compact Array</a> (ATCA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Australian_Square_Kilometre_Array_Pathfinder" title="Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder">Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder</a> (ASKAP, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Hydrogen_Intensity_Mapping_Experiment" title="Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment">Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment</a> (CHIME, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Canada</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Combined_Array_for_Research_in_Millimeter-wave_Astronomy" title="Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy">Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy</a> (CARMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">California, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="European_VLBI_Network" title="European VLBI Network">European VLBI Network</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Europe)</span></li>

<li><a href="Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> (EHT)</li>

<li><a href="Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope" title="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope</a> (GMRT, <span style="font-size: 85%;">India</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Interferometer" title="Green Bank Interferometer">Green Bank Interferometer</a> (GBI, <span style="font-size: 85%;">West Virginia, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_VLBI_Network" title="Korean VLBI Network">Korean VLBI Network</a> (KVN, <span style="font-size: 85%;">South Korea</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Large_Latin_American_Millimeter_Array" title="Large Latin American Millimeter Array">Large Latin American Millimeter Array</a> (LLAMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Argentina/Brazil</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Long_Wavelength_Array" title="Long Wavelength Array">Long Wavelength Array</a> (LWA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">New Mexico, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">Low-Frequency Array</a> (LOFAR, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Netherlands</span>)</li>

<li><a href="MeerKAT" title="MeerKAT">MeerKAT</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">South Africa</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Molonglo_Observatory_Synthesis_Telescope" title="Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope">Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope</a> (MOST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="MERLIN" title="MERLIN">Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network</a> (MERLIN, <span style="font-size: 85%;">UK</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Murchison_Widefield_Array" title="Murchison Widefield Array">Murchison Widefield Array</a> (MWA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Cross_Radio_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cross Radio Telescope">Northern Cross Radio Telescope</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Italy</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Extended_Millimeter_Array" title="Northern Extended Millimeter Array">Northern Extended Millimeter Array</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">France</span>)</li>

<li><a href="One-Mile_Telescope" title="One-Mile Telescope">One-Mile Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Primeval_Structure_Telescope" title="Primeval Structure Telescope">Primeval Structure Telescope</a> (PaST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">China</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia, South Africa</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Submillimeter_Array" title="Submillimeter Array">Submillimeter Array</a> (SMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> (VLA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">New Mexico, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">Very Long Baseline Array</a> (VLBA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Westerbork_Synthesis_Radio_Telescope" title="Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope">Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope</a> (WSRT, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Netherlands</span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Japan</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algonquin_Radio_Observatory" title="Algonquin Radio Observatory">Algonquin Radio Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Puerto Rico, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Observatory" title="Green Bank Observatory">Green Bank Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Haystack_Observatory" title="Haystack Observatory">Haystack Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Mullard_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory">Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Nan%C3%A7ay_Radio_Observatory" title="Nançay Radio Observatory">Nançay Radio Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(France)</span></li>

<li><a href="Onsala_Space_Observatory" title="Onsala Space Observatory">Onsala Space Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Sweden)</span></li>

<li><a href="Pushchino_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory">Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (PRAO ASC LPI, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Special_Astrophysical_Observatory_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Science" title="Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science">Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science</a> (SAORAS, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Vermilion_River_Observatory" title="Vermilion River Observatory">Vermilion River Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Multi-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dominion_Radio_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory">DRAO</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li>

<li><a href="New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">ESA New Norcia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Australia)</span></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Albert_Radar_Laboratory" title="Prince Albert Radar Laboratory">PARL</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Alexander_(scientist)" title="Elizabeth Alexander (scientist)">Elizabeth Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John G. Bolton</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_George_Bowen" title="Edward George Bowen">Edward George Bowen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_N._Bracewell" title="Ronald N. Bracewell">Ronald Bracewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Covington" title="Arthur Covington">Arthur Covington</a></li>

<li><a href="Nan_Dieter-Conklin" title="Nan Dieter-Conklin">Nan Dieter-Conklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_Hazard" title="Cyril Hazard">Cyril Hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_von_Hoerner" title="Sebastian von Hoerner">Sebastian von Hoerner</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Kellermann" title="Kenneth Kellermann">Kenneth Kellermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_John_Kerr" title="Frank John Kerr">Frank J. Kerr</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Kraus" title="John D. Kraus">John D. Kraus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li>

<li><a href="Christiaan_Alexander_Muller" title="Christiaan Alexander Muller">Christiaan Alexander Muller</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_L._Pawsey" title="Joseph L. Pawsey">Joseph Lade Pawsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_Payne-Scott" title="Ruby Payne-Scott">Ruby Payne-Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Penzias</a></li>

<li><a href="Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li>

<li><a href="Gart_Westerhout" title="Gart Westerhout">Gart Westerhout</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Astronomy by<br> EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Optical astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational-wave astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">Aperture synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Cosmic microwave background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interferometry" title="Interferometry">Interferometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Odd_radio_circle" title="Odd radio circle">Odd radio circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_astronomy" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Radio astronomy">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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